Libraries existed in most towns and temples. In particular, Esagil-kin-apli discovered a variety of illnesses and diseases and described their symptoms in his Diagnostic Handbook, including those of many varieties of epilepsy and related ailments. For example, the text contains a list of medical symptoms and often detailed empirical observations along with logical rules used in combining observed symptoms on the body of a patient with its diagnosis and prognosis. The Diagnostic Handbook additionally introduced the methods of therapy and etiology outlining the use of empiricism, logic, and rationality in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. The Babylonians introduced the concepts of diagnosis, prognosis, physical examination, and prescriptions. The most extensive Babylonian medical text, however, is the Diagnostic Handbook written by the ummânū, or chief scholar, Esagil-kin-apli of Borsippa. The oldest Babylonian texts on medicine date back to the First Babylonian Dynasty in the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE. The Babylonian GU text arranges stars in “strings” that lie along declination circles (thus measuring right-ascensions or time-intervals), and also employs the stars of the zenith, which are also separated by given right-ascensional differences. The MUL.APIN contains catalogues of stars and constellations as well as schemes for predicting heliacal risings and the settings of the planets, as well as lengths of daylight measured by a water-clock, gnomon, shadows, and intercalations. The oldest rectangular astrolabe dates back to Babylonia c. This record is the earliest evidence that planets were recognized as periodic phenomena. Centuries of Babylonian observations of celestial phenomena are recorded in a series of cuneiform tablets known as the “Enūma Anu Enlil.” In fact, the oldest significant astronomical text known to mankind is Tablet 63 of the Enūma Anu Enlil, the Venus tablet of Ammi-saduqa, which lists the first and last visible risings of Venus over a period of about 21 years. Tablets dating back to the Old Babylonian period document the application of mathematics to variations in the length of daylight over a solar year. This was an important contribution to astronomy and the philosophy of science, and some scholars have thus referred to this new approach as the first scientific revolution. They began studying philosophy dealing with the ideal nature of the universe and began employing an internal logic within their predictive planetary systems. Astronomyĭuring the 8th and 7th centuries BCE, Babylonian astronomers developed a new empirical approach to astronomy. The paucity of stone in Babylonia made every pebble a commodity and led to a high perfection in the art of gem-cutting. In Babylonia, in place of the bas-relief, there was a preponderance of three-dimensional figures-the earliest examples being the Statues of Gudea-that were realistic, if also somewhat clumsy. Painted terracotta cones for torches were also embedded in the plaster. The walls were brilliantly colored, and sometimes plated with zinc or gold, as well as with tiles. The use of brick led to the early development of the pilaster and column, and of frescoes and enameled tiles. Babylonian temples were thus massive structures of crude brick, supported by buttresses. In Babylonia, an abundance of clay and lack of stone led to greater use of mudbrick. The most extensive Babylonian medical text, written by Esagil-kin-apli of Borsippa. Enūma Anu EnlilĪ series of cuneiform tablets containing centuries of Babylonian observations of celestial phenomena. mudbrickĪ brick mixture of loam, mud, sand, and water mixed with a binding material, such as rice husks or straw. In medicine, cause or origin of disease or condition. pilasterĪn architectural element in classical architecture used to give the appearance of a supporting column and to articulate an extent of wall, with only an ornamental function. One of the most famous Babylonian works, a twelve-book saga translated from the original Sumerian.
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